🧊 Newton’s Law of Cooling Calculator
Estimate how the temperature of an object changes over time as it cools (or warms) toward the temperature of its surroundings, based on Newton’s Law of Cooling.
What This Calculator Does
Newton’s Law of Cooling describes how the temperature of an object changes over time as it exchanges heat with a cooler or warmer environment, approaching the ambient temperature exponentially.
The Formula
The calculator applies T(t) = T_env + (T0 − T_env) × e^(−k × t), where T0 is the object’s starting temperature, T_env is the ambient temperature, k is a cooling constant that depends on the object’s material, surface area, and surroundings, and t is elapsed time.
The cooling constant k must be determined empirically for a real object and setup; the default value here is illustrative only. This tool is for general educational and planning purposes.