🧫 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator
Enter the frequency of the dominant allele in a population to calculate the predicted genotype frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
What this calculator does
The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes how allele and genotype frequencies in a population are expected to stay constant across generations when the population is not evolving — meaning no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or selection is acting, and mating is random. This calculator applies the classic equation to a single gene with two alleles.
How the math works
Given the frequency of the dominant allele, p, the frequency of the recessive allele is q = 1 – p. The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 then gives the expected proportion of each genotype in the population: p2 is homozygous dominant, 2pq is heterozygous, and q2 is homozygous recessive. These three values should always add up to 100%.
Good to know
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is an idealized model used as a baseline in population genetics; real populations rarely meet every assumption perfectly, so actual observed frequencies can differ. This tool is intended for general educational and planning use in understanding population genetics concepts, not as a substitute for formal statistical analysis of real population data.