❤️ Cardiac Output Calculator
Estimate cardiac output from heart rate and stroke volume, the standard formula used in physiology education.
How cardiac output is calculated
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. It is calculated as Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume, where stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat, typically measured in milliliters.
Understanding the result
A normal resting cardiac output for adults is roughly 4 to 8 liters per minute. When body surface area is entered, the calculator also reports cardiac index (cardiac output divided by BSA), which normalizes the measurement for body size and is commonly used clinically, with a typical normal range of about 2.5 to 4.0 L/min/m².
This calculator is intended for general physiology education and reference only, not for clinical diagnosis or treatment decisions. Actual cardiac output is measured using specialized clinical equipment.