📊 Boltzmann Factor Calculator
Calculate the Boltzmann factor e^(-E/kT), which describes the relative probability of finding a system in a state of a given energy at thermal equilibrium.
What the Boltzmann factor represents
In statistical mechanics, the Boltzmann factor gives the relative likelihood that a system in thermal equilibrium occupies a particular energy state compared to the ground state, at a given absolute temperature.
The formula
The Boltzmann factor is e^(-E / (kB × T)), where E is the energy of the state (relative to a reference), kB is the Boltzmann constant (8.617333262 × 10⁻⁵ eV/K when energy is in electron-volts), and T is absolute temperature in kelvin. Larger energies or lower temperatures make a state less likely to be occupied.
This calculator is intended for general physics and chemistry education.